Global Warning Networks
Global Warning Networks
Comprehensive world volcano monitor — active eruptions, dormant giants, weekly activity reports and full global database
44
Active Eruptions (NASA)
81
Active in Database
19
Dormant Giants
100
Total in Database
0
GVP Weekly Reports
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Real-time open events from NASA's Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker
Latest: Aug 28, 2025
📍 -37.52°, 177.18°
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📍 52.076°, -176.13°
View Source ↗Official weekly volcanic activity summaries from the Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution
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Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team · Institute of Volcanology & Seismology FEB RAS, Russia
CURRENT SITUATION — March 2026
Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands are in a period of exceptionally intense volcanic activity. Klyuchevskoy is producing near-continuous explosive eruptions with ash columns reaching 8–12 km ASL. Shiveluch continues powerful dome-building explosions with pyroclastic flows. Multiple Kuril volcanoes including Ebeko, Chikurachki and Alaid are generating regular ash clouds affecting transpacific aviation corridors. KVERT issues daily aviation color-code bulletins — always check live codes on the KVERT website.
Representative current codes · Source: KVERT / IVS FEB RAS · Verify live at kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/
| Volcano | Location | Elevation | KVERT Code | Activity Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Klyuchevskoy | Kamchatka | 4,835 m | RED | Continuous explosive eruptions; lava flows; ash columns 8–12 km ASL. Strombolian to sub-Plinian activity. Major active aviation hazard on transpacific routes. |
| Shiveluch | Kamchatka | 3,283 m | RED | Powerful dome-building explosions; pyroclastic flows on flanks; ash plumes 8–10 km ASL. Ongoing since 1999 with intensified 2023–2026 eruptive episode. |
| Bezymianny | Kamchatka | 2,882 m | ORANGE | Dome growth with periodic explosive episodes; ash clouds to 5–7 km. Part of Klyuchevskoy cluster; closely monitored by KVERT. |
| Karymsky | Kamchatka | 1,536 m | ORANGE | Continuous Strombolian activity; daily ash emissions; SO₂ gas plumes visible on Sentinel-5P satellite data. |
| Ebeko | Kuril Is. · Paramushir | 1,156 m | ORANGE | Near-daily gas and ash explosions to 2–4 km; SO₂ emissions elevated; Paramushir residents under periodic ash advisories. |
| Alaid | Kuril Is. · Atlasov | 2,285 m | ORANGE | Tallest Kuril peak; increased fumarolic/gas activity and eruptive episodes 2023; KVERT elevated watch. |
| Chikurachki | Kuril Is. · Paramushir | 1,816 m | ORANGE | Explosive ash eruptions; ash transport advisories active for North Pacific corridor. |
| Zhupanovsky | Kamchatka | 2,958 m | YELLOW | Background seismicity; elevated SO₂ emissions; explosive eruptions 2013–2017 with ash to 10+ km. |
| Avacha | Kamchatka | 2,741 m | YELLOW | Active fumaroles above summit; elevated seismicity; threat to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky city 30 km away. |
| Koryaksky | Kamchatka | 3,456 m | YELLOW | Persistent fumarolic activity; seismic unrest; proximity to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky airport is critical hazard factor. |
| Tolbachik | Kamchatka | 3,682 m | YELLOW | Klyuchevskoy group; background unrest; 2012–2013 Treskovsky flank eruption produced one of the largest lava fields in modern Kamchatka. |
| Sarychev | Kuril Is. · Matua | 1,496 m | YELLOW | 2009 eruption photographed from ISS in iconic image; closely monitored post-eruption; KVERT yellow watch. |
About KVERT
KVERT (Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team) was established in 1993 in cooperation with the Alaska Volcano Observatory. It monitors 30+ volcanoes on Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, issuing daily bulletins with aviation color codes critical for transpacific flight corridors carrying thousands of passengers daily.
Aviation Hazard
Kamchatka sits directly beneath transpacific air routes connecting North America and Asia. Ash clouds from Klyuchevskoy and Shiveluch routinely reach 10–15 km, forcing flight diversions worth millions of dollars. KVERT coordinates with Tokyo VAAC and Anchorage VAAC for real-time hazard dissemination.
Satellite Monitoring
KVERT uses MODIS, VIIRS, Sentinel-5P SO₂ data and Sentinel-2 optical imagery alongside 200+ seismic stations. SO₂ plumes from Kamchatka volcanoes are routinely detectable across the North Pacific. Data is shared with NASA, ESA, and the Smithsonian GVP.
Real-time satellite and aviation tools for tracking volcanic ash, sulfur dioxide plumes and thermal anomalies — click any card to open live data
Real-time OMPS-NPP SO₂ total column layer. See today's sulfur dioxide plumes from active volcanoes worldwide, updated daily.
Open NASA Worldview ↗VIIRS & MODIS active thermal anomaly data. Detects volcanic hot spots, lava flows and eruption plumes in near real-time. Centered on Kamchatka.
Open FIRMS Map ↗ESA Sentinel-5P SO₂ & aerosol data. Open Copernicus Browser → Sentinel-5P → SO2 layer for high-res volcanic gas plume tracking.
Open Copernicus Browser ↗Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre Tokyo (JMA). Covers Japan, Russia (Kamchatka & Kuril Islands), Philippines and the Western Pacific. Updated in real-time.
View Active Advisories ↗NOAA's Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre for Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and North Pacific aviation corridors. Critical for Alaskan and Kamchatkan ash tracking.
View Active Advisories ↗Current eruptions list with live webcam feeds from around the world. Direct visual confirmation of smoke plumes and eruptive columns.
View Live Feeds ↗Satellite SO₂ and aerosol data updates every 1–24 hours depending on sensor orbit. For immediate aviation hazard information always consult the relevant VAAC advisory. FIRMS thermal data refreshes every 3–12 hours. All links open external third-party services operated by NASA, ESA, NOAA and JMA.
Comprehensive catalog of notable volcanoes worldwide — active, dormant and historic
Showing 100 volcanoes
Indonesia · Southeast Asia
active
Stratovolcano
157 m
2
2024
Collapsed 1883 in one of history's deadliest eruptions; new cone "Child of Krakatau" emerged 1927.
📍 -6.102°, 105.423°
Map ↗Indonesia · Southeast Asia
active
Stratovolcano
2,930 m
3
2024
One of the world's most active volcanoes; close to Yogyakarta city.
📍 -7.541°, 110.445°
Map ↗Indonesia · Southeast Asia
active
Stratovolcano
3,676 m
2
2025
Highest peak in Java; almost continuously erupting since 1967.
📍 -8.108°, 112.92°
Map ↗Indonesia · Southeast Asia
active
Stratovolcano
2,460 m
3
2023
Reawakened after 400 years dormancy in 2010; major eruptions 2013–2021.
📍 3.17°, 98.392°
Map ↗Indonesia · Southeast Asia
active
Stratovolcano
1,584 m
3
2025
Twin stratovolcano on Flores Island; major eruption November 2024 caused evacuations.
📍 -8.52°, 122.776°
Map ↗Indonesia · Southeast Asia
active
Stratovolcano
1,335 m
2
2025
Almost continuously active since 1933; located on Halmahera island.
📍 1.693°, 127.894°
Map ↗Indonesia · Southeast Asia
active
Stratovolcano
1,340 m
2
2025
Highly active since 1998; frequent Vulcanian explosions.
📍 1.488°, 127.63°
Map ↗Indonesia · Southeast Asia
active
Stratovolcano
1,784 m
2
2024
One of Indonesia's most active volcanoes on Siau Island.
📍 2.781°, 125.407°
Map ↗Indonesia · Southeast Asia
active
Stratovolcano
725 m
4
2024
Major eruption April 2024 caused tsunami alert and mass evacuations.
📍 2.303°, 125.37°
Map ↗Japan · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
1,117 m
3
2025
Erupts hundreds of times per year; one of world's most active.
📍 31.581°, 130.657°
Map ↗Japan · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
796 m
2
2025
Almost continuously active Ryukyu island volcano.
📍 29.638°, 129.714°
Map ↗Japan · East Asia
active
Shield volcano
160 m
1
2024
Remote Pacific island expanded greatly after 2013 eruption.
📍 27.247°, 140.874°
Map ↗Japan · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
3,067 m
3
2014
Deadly 2014 phreatic eruption killed 63 hikers with no warning.
📍 35.893°, 137.48°
Map ↗Japan · East Asia
dormant
Stratovolcano
3,776 m
5
1707
Japan's highest mountain; last eruption Hōei 1707; considered overdue.
📍 35.361°, 138.728°
Map ↗Philippines · Southeast Asia
active
Caldera
311 m
4
2022
Volcano within a lake within a volcano on Luzon; major eruption Jan 2020.
📍 14.002°, 120.993°
Map ↗Philippines · Southeast Asia
active
Stratovolcano
2,462 m
3
2023
Nearly perfect cone; 50+ eruptions recorded since 1616.
📍 13.257°, 123.685°
Map ↗Philippines · Southeast Asia
active
Stratovolcano
1,565 m
2
2023
Southern Luzon; frequent phreatic eruptions.
📍 12.769°, 124.056°
Map ↗Papua New Guinea · Melanesia
active
Stratovolcano
1,807 m
3
2025
Island volcano; one of Papua New Guinea's most active.
📍 -4.08°, 145.037°
Map ↗Papua New Guinea · Melanesia
active
Stratovolcano
2,334 m
3
2024
Decade Volcano; one of the most dangerous in the Pacific.
📍 -5.05°, 151.33°
Map ↗Papua New Guinea · Melanesia
active
Stratovolcano
365 m
2
2023
Island volcano; significant eruption began January 2018.
📍 -3.608°, 144.588°
Map ↗Vanuatu · Melanesia
active
Stratovolcano
361 m
2
2025
Continuously active for 800+ years; accessible tourist volcano.
📍 -19.532°, 169.447°
Map ↗Vanuatu · Melanesia
active
Shield volcano
1,496 m
3
2018
2018 eruption forced island-wide evacuation of 11,000 people.
📍 -15.389°, 167.835°
Map ↗USA · North America
active
Shield volcano
1,247 m
0
2025
World's most active volcano; continuously erupting 1983–2018 and again since 2020.
📍 19.421°, -155.287°
Map ↗USA · North America
active
Shield volcano
4,169 m
0
2022
World's largest volcano by volume; 2022 eruption ended 38-year quiet period.
📍 19.475°, -155.608°
Map ↗USA · North America
dormant
Shield volcano
4,205 m
0
~4500 BCE
Highest point in Hawaii; hosts world-class astronomical observatories.
📍 19.821°, -155.468°
Map ↗USA · North America
active
Stratovolcano
2,549 m
5
2008
1980 eruption largest in US history; killed 57, blew 400m off summit.
📍 46.2°, -122.189°
Map ↗USA · North America
dormant
Stratovolcano
4,392 m
0
1894
Most glaciated Cascade peak; potential lahar hazard to greater Seattle area.
📍 46.853°, -121.757°
Map ↗USA · North America
dormant
Stratovolcano
4,322 m
3
1786
Northern California; significant volcanic hazard.
📍 41.409°, -122.195°
Map ↗USA · North America
dormant
Plug dome
3,189 m
3
1921
Southernmost active Cascade volcano; last erupted 1914–1921.
📍 40.488°, -121.504°
Map ↗USA · North America
dormant
Stratovolcano
3,429 m
2
1781
Oregon's highest peak; two verified eruption periods in the 1700s.
📍 45.373°, -121.696°
Map ↗USA (Alaska) · North America
active
Stratovolcano
1,740 m
2
2024
Aleutian arc; active lava dome growth 2021–present.
📍 52.076°, -176.13°
Map ↗USA (Alaska) · North America
active
Stratovolcano
2,518 m
3
2022
Alaska Peninsula; one of the most active Alaskan volcanoes.
📍 55.418°, -161.894°
Map ↗USA (Alaska) · North America
active
Stratovolcano
2,857 m
3
2023
Near-perfect symmetry; tall and active Unimak Island volcano.
📍 54.756°, -163.97°
Map ↗USA (Alaska) · North America
active
Stratovolcano
1,730 m
2
2023
Remote Aleutian island; frequently produces ash clouds affecting aviation.
📍 52.825°, -169.944°
Map ↗Mexico · Central America
active
Stratovolcano
5,426 m
3
2025
"El Popo"; near Mexico City; almost continuously active since 1994.
📍 19.023°, -98.622°
Map ↗Mexico · Central America
active
Stratovolcano
3,850 m
2
2023
Mexico's most active volcano; summit dome building activity.
📍 19.514°, -103.62°
Map ↗Guatemala · Central America
active
Stratovolcano
3,772 m
2
2025
1902 Plinian eruption one of 20th century's largest VEI-6; Santiaguito lava dome active since 1922.
📍 14.756°, -91.552°
Map ↗Guatemala · Central America
active
Stratovolcano
3,763 m
3
2025
2018 eruption killed 194; one of the Americas' most active volcanoes.
📍 14.473°, -90.88°
Map ↗Guatemala · Central America
active
Stratovolcano
2,552 m
2
2025
Active since 1965; lava flows frequently threaten nearby communities.
📍 14.382°, -90.601°
Map ↗Costa Rica · Central America
dormant
Stratovolcano
1,670 m
3
2010
Was continuously active 1968–2010; now in rest phase.
📍 10.463°, -84.703°
Map ↗Costa Rica · Central America
active
Stratovolcano
1,916 m
1
2024
Frequent phreatic eruptions; active hydrothermal system.
📍 10.83°, -85.324°
Map ↗Ecuador · South America
active
Stratovolcano
5,897 m
2
2024
One of world's highest active volcanoes; massive glacier makes lahars a major hazard.
📍 -0.677°, -78.436°
Map ↗Ecuador · South America
active
Stratovolcano
5,023 m
3
2016
"Throat of Fire"; highly active 1999–2016.
📍 -1.467°, -78.442°
Map ↗Ecuador · South America
active
Stratovolcano
5,286 m
2
2025
Almost continuously active; located in remote Amazon foothills.
📍 -2.005°, -78.341°
Map ↗Colombia · South America
active
Stratovolcano
5,321 m
3
2024
1985 eruption lahar killed ~23,000 in Armero; ice-capped danger.
📍 4.892°, -75.374°
Map ↗Colombia · South America
active
Stratovolcano
4,276 m
2
2014
Near Pasto city; killed 9 scientists in 1993 eruption.
📍 1.22°, -77.36°
Map ↗Peru · South America
active
Stratovolcano
5,967 m
2
2025
Andean volcano; almost continuous eruption since 2016.
📍 -15.787°, -71.857°
Map ↗Peru · South America
active
Stratovolcano
5,672 m
2
2024
Peru's most active volcano; repeated eruption cycles.
📍 -16.355°, -70.903°
Map ↗Chile · South America
active
Stratovolcano
2,847 m
3
2015
Active lava lake; Chilean Patagonia tourism icon.
📍 -39.42°, -71.93°
Map ↗Chile · South America
active
Stratovolcano
2,015 m
4
2015
Stunning 2015 eruption columns; first major eruption in 43 years.
📍 -41.326°, -72.614°
Map ↗Chile · South America
active
Stratovolcano
1,905 m
5
2011
Remote Patagonian volcano; 1991 eruption VEI-5 largest in 20th century South America.
📍 -45.9°, -72.97°
Map ↗Iceland · North Atlantic
active
Shield volcano
385 m
1
2024
Reykjanes Peninsula eruption sequence began 2021 after 800-year dormancy; threatens Grindavík.
📍 63.897°, -22.273°
Map ↗Iceland · North Atlantic
active
Caldera
1,725 m
4
2011
Iceland's most frequently erupting volcano; subglacial; jokulhlaup hazard.
📍 64.416°, -17.316°
Map ↗Iceland · North Atlantic
dormant
Caldera
1,512 m
4
1918
Overdue for eruption; subglacial; last major eruption 1918; linked to Eyjafjallajökull.
📍 63.633°, -19.058°
Map ↗Iceland · North Atlantic
dormant
Stratovolcano
1,651 m
4
2010
2010 eruption disrupted European air travel for 6 days.
📍 63.633°, -19.636°
Map ↗Iceland · North Atlantic
active
Stratovolcano
1,491 m
3
2000
"Gateway to Hell" in medieval lore; erupts every 10 years on average; overdue.
📍 63.983°, -19.667°
Map ↗Iceland · North Atlantic
active
Caldera
1,516 m
1
1961
Large caldera in the Icelandic Highlands; elevated seismicity since 2021.
📍 65°, -16.75°
Map ↗Italy · Europe
active
Stratovolcano
3,357 m
2
2025
Europe's tallest and most active volcano; erupts almost yearly.
📍 37.734°, 15.004°
Map ↗Italy · Europe
active
Stratovolcano
924 m
2
2025
"Lighthouse of the Mediterranean"; erupts every 10–20 minutes since antiquity.
📍 38.789°, 15.213°
Map ↗Italy · Europe
dormant
Somma-stratovolcano
1,281 m
3
1944
Destroyed Pompeii 79 AD; most dangerous volcano due to 3M nearby residents.
📍 40.821°, 14.426°
Map ↗Italy · Europe
active
Caldera
458 m
3
1538
"Supervolcano" caldera near Naples; ongoing bradyseism uplift threatening eruption.
📍 40.827°, 14.139°
Map ↗Italy · Europe
active
Stratovolcano
501 m
3
1890
Aeolian Islands; gave its name to volcanism; fumarolic crisis 2021–2022.
📍 38.404°, 14.962°
Map ↗Greece · Europe
active
Caldera
130 m
3
1950
Famous caldera; Bronze Age Minoan eruption ~1600 BCE may have triggered civilisation collapse. Elevated seismicity in 2024.
📍 36.404°, 25.396°
Map ↗Greece · Europe
dormant
Caldera
698 m
1
1888
Dodecanese island volcano with impressive active caldera.
📍 36.587°, 27.192°
Map ↗DR Congo · Africa
active
Stratovolcano
3,470 m
1
2021
World's largest persistent lava lake; 2021 eruption forced Goma evacuation.
📍 -1.521°, 29.25°
Map ↗DR Congo · Africa
active
Shield volcano
3,058 m
1
2024
Africa's most active volcano; twin to nearby Nyiragongo.
📍 -1.408°, 29.2°
Map ↗Ethiopia · Africa
active
Shield volcano
613 m
1
2023
Permanent lava lake in the Danakil Depression; one of Earth's hottest places.
📍 13.6°, 40.67°
Map ↗Ethiopia · Africa
dormant
Stratovolcano
2,007 m
2
1820
Ethiopian Rift caldera.
📍 8.975°, 39.921°
Map ↗Eritrea · Africa
active
Stratovolcano
2,218 m
4
2011
Major 2011 eruption was first in recorded history; injected SO2 into stratosphere.
📍 13.37°, 41.7°
Map ↗Tanzania · Africa
active
Stratovolcano
2,878 m
1
2024
Only active carbonatite lava volcano on Earth; black lava very unusual.
📍 -2.764°, 35.902°
Map ↗France (Réunion) · Africa
active
Shield volcano
2,632 m
1
2025
One of world's most active; erupts 2–5 times per year since 1640.
📍 -21.237°, 55.713°
Map ↗Cameroon · Africa
active
Stratovolcano
4,095 m
2
2012
Highest peak in West/Central Africa; last major activity 1999–2000.
📍 4.203°, 9.17°
Map ↗Spain (Canary Islands) · North Atlantic
dormant
Stratovolcano
1,949 m
3
2021
2021 Tajogaite eruption lasted 85 days; destroyed 3,000 buildings.
📍 28.573°, -17.844°
Map ↗Spain (Canary Islands) · North Atlantic
dormant
Stratovolcano
3,715 m
1
1909
Spain's highest mountain; inside national park on Tenerife.
📍 28.272°, -16.642°
Map ↗Russia · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
4,835 m
3
2025
Asia's highest active volcano; erupts nearly continuously.
📍 56.057°, 160.638°
Map ↗Russia · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
3,283 m
3
2025
Kamchatka's most active; powerful dome-building eruption since 1999.
📍 56.653°, 161.36°
Map ↗Russia · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
2,882 m
3
2024
1956 eruption similar to 1980 St. Helens; ongoing dome growth.
📍 55.972°, 160.595°
Map ↗Russia (Kuril Islands) · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
1,156 m
2
2025
Paramushir Island; near-daily gas and ash explosions to 2–4 km; SO₂ plumes detected by Sentinel-5P.
📍 50.686°, 156.014°
Map ↗Russia · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
1,536 m
3
2025
One of Kamchatka's most continuously active volcanoes; daily Strombolian/Vulcanian explosions; persistent gas plumes monitored by KVERT.
📍 54.05°, 159.443°
Map ↗Russia (Kuril Islands) · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
2,285 m
3
2023
Highest peak in the Kuril archipelago; flank and summit eruptions; KVERT orange-coded with elevated fumarolic and eruptive episodes.
📍 50.861°, 155.565°
Map ↗Russia (Kuril Islands) · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
1,816 m
2
2022
Paramushir Island; frequent explosive ash eruptions dispersing material across the North Pacific; KVERT monitored.
📍 50.324°, 155.461°
Map ↗Russia (Kuril Islands) · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
1,496 m
3
2020
2009 eruption captured in iconic photo from ISS; one of the most active Kuril volcanoes; KVERT elevated watch.
📍 48.092°, 153.2°
Map ↗Russia · East Asia
active
Shield/Cinder cone
3,682 m
3
2013
Klyuchevskoy group; 2012–2013 Treskovsky flank eruption produced vast lava fields; KVERT yellow watch ongoing.
📍 55.832°, 160.33°
Map ↗Russia · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
2,958 m
3
2017
Explosive eruptions 2013–2017 with ash columns exceeding 10 km; background seismicity elevated; KVERT monitored.
📍 53.589°, 159.147°
Map ↗Russia · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
2,741 m
3
2001
Overlooks Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky city; last major eruption 1991; ongoing elevated fumarolic activity and seismic unrest.
📍 53.255°, 158.835°
Map ↗Russia · East Asia
active
Stratovolcano
3,456 m
2
2009
Twin volcano to Avacha; 2008–2009 lava flows and major ash; proximity to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky airport is key hazard.
📍 53.319°, 158.688°
Map ↗New Zealand · Oceania
active
Stratovolcano
321 m
2
2019
2019 eruption killed 22 tourists with no warning; remains highly active.
📍 -37.521°, 177.183°
Map ↗New Zealand · Oceania
active
Stratovolcano
2,797 m
3
2007
Active crater lake (Ruapehu); lahar hazard; last major eruption 1996.
📍 -39.283°, 175.567°
Map ↗New Zealand · Oceania
active
Stratovolcano
1,978 m
2
2012
Unexpected 2012 eruption near popular hiking trail.
📍 -39.108°, 175.642°
Map ↗New Zealand · Oceania
dormant
Caldera
760 m
8
232 CE
Hatepe eruption 232 CE was most violent in last 5,000 years; lake now covers caldera. Elevated unrest 2022–2024.
📍 -38.807°, 176°
Map ↗Montserrat · Caribbean
active
Lava dome
1,050 m
3
2013
1997 pyroclastic flows buried Plymouth; 2/3 of island evacuated.
📍 16.72°, -62.18°
Map ↗St. Vincent · Caribbean
active
Stratovolcano
1,234 m
4
2021
April 2021 eruption forced evacuation of 16,000 people.
📍 13.33°, -61.18°
Map ↗Martinique · Caribbean
active
Stratovolcano
1,397 m
4
1932
1902 eruption killed ~30,000; deadliest 20th-century volcanic disaster.
📍 14.809°, -61.165°
Map ↗Cape Verde · North Atlantic
active
Stratovolcano
2,829 m
2
2014
2014 eruption destroyed two villages inside the caldera.
📍 14.95°, -24.35°
Map ↗South Georgia & Sandwich Islands · South Atlantic
active
Stratovolcano
554 m
2
2016
Remote sub-Antarctic; home to world's largest chinstrap penguin colony.
📍 -56.3°, -27.565°
Map ↗USA · North America
dormant
Caldera
2,805 m
8
~70,000 BCE
US Yellowstone supervolcano; last supereruption 640,000 years ago; ongoing minor seismicity.
📍 44.46°, -110.828°
Map ↗USA · North America
dormant
Caldera
3,390 m
7
1350 CE
Bishop Tuff eruption 760 ka; ongoing resurgent dome uplift.
📍 37.7°, -118.87°
Map ↗Indonesia · Southeast Asia
dormant
Caldera
2,157 m
8
~73,000 BCE
Largest known supervolcano eruption in 2 million years; may have nearly wiped out humanity.
📍 2.59°, 98.83°
Map ↗Japan · East Asia
active
Caldera
1,117 m
4
2025
Kagoshima Bay is the Aira caldera; Sakurajima is its active central cone.
📍 31.594°, 130.657°
Map ↗USA · North America
dormant
Caldera
3,430 m
7
~55,000 BCE
New Mexico; last supereruption 1.25 Ma; Bandelier Tuff.
📍 35.879°, -106.571°
Map ↗| VEI | Description | Cloud height | Volume (m³) | Frequency | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Non-explosive | <100m | <10,000 | Daily | Kīlauea (ongoing) |
| 1 | Gentle | 100m–1km | 10,000+ | Daily | Stromboli |
| 2 | Explosive | 1–5km | 1M+ | Weekly | Galeras 1993 |
| 3 | Severe | 3–15km | 10M+ | Yearly | Ruapehu 1996 |
| 4 | Cataclysmic | 10–25km | 100M+ | ≥10 yrs | Eyjafjallajökull 2010 |
| 5 | Paroxysmal | >25km | 1B+ | ≥50 yrs | Mt. St. Helens 1980 |
| 6 | Colossal | >25km | 10B+ | ≥100 yrs | Pinatubo 1991 |
| 7 | Super-colossal | >25km | 100B+ | ≥1,000 yrs | Tambora 1815 |
| 8 | Mega-colossal | >25km | 1T+ | ≥10,000 yrs | Toba ~73,000 BCE |
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